Kult Stiepana Bandery na Ukrainie |
W liście otwartym czytamy
m.in.:
„Jako uczeni i eksperci od dawna zaangażowani na rzecz odnowy i wolności
Ukrainy, postrzegamy te prawa (Ustawa
nr 2538-1, dot. „statusu prawnego i pamięci bojowników o
niepodległość Ukrainy w XX w.”, oraz Ustawa
nr. 2558, dot. „potępienia
komunistycznego i narodowo- socjalistycznego (nazistowskiego) totalitaryzmu
na Ukrainie oraz zakazu propagandy ich symboli”) jako
wzbudzające głęboko złe przeczucia.
Ich
treść oraz duch zaprzeczają jednemu z najbardziej fundamentalnych praw
politycznych: prawu do wolności wypowiedzi. Ich przyjęcie wzbudziłoby poważne
wątpliwości dotyczące przestrzegania przez Ukrainę - zasad Rady Europy i OBWE,
a także szeregu traktatów i uroczystych deklaracji przyjmowanych od momentu
odzyskania przez Ukrainę niepodległości w 1991 roku. Ich wpływ na wizerunek i
reputację Ukrainy w Europie i Ameryce Północnej byłby głęboki. Co więcej, prawa
te zapewniłyby wygodę i wsparcie tym, którzy starają się osłabić i podzielić
Ukrainę” – czytamy w liście.
Nacjonalistyczna bojówka na Ukrainie |
Potencjalne konsekwencje
uchwalenia tych ustaw sygnatariusze listu uznali za niepokojące, gdyż wówczas „przestępstwem byłoby nie tylko kwestionowanie
legitymizacji UPA, która wyrżnęła dziesiątki tysięcy Polaków podczas jednego z
najbardziej ohydnych aktów czystki etnicznej w historii Ukrainy, lecz także
zwalniałoby z krytyki OUN, jednego z najbardziej radykalnych ugrupowań
politycznych na Zachodniej Ukrainie w okresie międzywojennym, która kolaborowała z nazistowskimi Niemcami (…), a
także brała udział w antyżydowskich pogromach na Ukrainie oraz, w przypadku
frakcji Melnykowców, pozostała sprzymierzona z okupantami przez całą wojnę”.
Krytycznie odniesiono się
także do „całościowego potępienia okresu
radzieckiego”, pomimo „szlachetnych
intencji”.
Zwrócono też uwagę, że
pójście drogą „polityzacji historii”,
jaką „od 15 lat stosuje Rosja Władimira
Putina” byłoby dla Ukrainy „rujnujące”,
zaś „oficjalne ataki na pamięć
historyczną” nazwano „niesprawiedliwymi”.
„Ci, którzy postrzegają zwyciestwo nad
nazistowskimi Niemcami jako wydarzenie zwrotne w historii nie powinni czuć się
ani zastraszani, ani wykluczeni z narodu”. Zdaniem uczonych trudne kwestie z
historii Ukrainy powinny podlegać debacie.
W
zakończeniu listu, naukowcy i eksperci USA, Europy i Ukrainy, podkreślają
znaczenie Ukrainy jako państwa dla „obywateli
ukraińskich wszystkich narodowości”, a podpisanie ustaw uchwalonych 9
kwietnia „byłoby prezentem dla tych,
którzy pragną zwrócić Ukrainę przeciwko sobie”, chcąc jej podziału.
Weterani UPA |
***
Letter from Scholars and
Experts on Ukraine
Re. the So-Called
Re. the So-Called
"Anti-Communist
Law"
To the
President of Ukraine,
Petro O.
Poroshenko,
and
to the
Chairman of Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada,
Volodymyr B.
Hroysman
Dear Sirs,
We, the
undersigned, appeal to you not to sign into law the draft laws (no. 2538-1 and
2558)[1]
adopted by the Verkhovna Rada on April 9, 2015. As scholars and experts long committed
to Ukraine’s regeneration and freedom, we regard these laws with the deepest
foreboding. Their content and spirit contradicts one of the most
fundamental political rights: the right to freedom of speech. Their adoption
would raise serious questions about Ukraine’s commitment to the principles of
the Council of Europe and the OSCE, along with a number of treaties and solemn
declarations adopted since Ukraine regained its independence in 1991. Their
impact on Ukraine’s image and reputation in Europe and North America would be
profound. Not least of all, the laws would provide comfort and support to
those who seek to enfeeble and divide Ukraine.
We also are
troubled by the fact that the laws passed without serious debate, without
dissenting votes and with large numbers of deputies declining to take part.
In
particular we are concerned about the following:
- Concerning the inclusion of groups such as the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) as “fighters for Ukrainian independence”: Article 6 of this law makes it a criminal offense to deny the legitimacy of “the struggle for the independence of Ukraine in the 20th century” and public denial of the same is to be regarded as an insult to the memory of the fighters. Thus questioning this claim, and implicitly questioning anything such groups did, is being made a criminal offense.
- Law 2558, the ban on propaganda of “Communist and National Socialist Regimes” makes it a criminal offense to deny, “including in the media, the criminal character of the communist totalitarian regime of 1917-1991 in Ukraine”
The
potential consequences of both these laws are disturbing. Not only would it be
a crime to question the legitimacy of an organization (UPA) that slaughtered
tens of thousands of Poles in one of the most heinous acts of ethnic cleansing
in the history of Ukraine, but also it would exempt from criticism the OUN, one
of the most extreme political groups in Western Ukraine between the wars, and
one which collaborated with Nazi Germany at the outset of the Soviet invasion
in 1941. It also took part in anti-Jewish pogroms in Ukraine and, in the case
of the Melnyk faction, remained allied with the occupation regime throughout
the war.
However
noble the intent, the wholesale condemnation of the entire Soviet period as one
of occupation of Ukraine will have unjust and incongruous consequences. Anyone
calling attention to the development of Ukrainian culture and language in the
1920s could find himself or herself condemned. The same applies to those who
regard the Gorbachev period as a progressive period of change to the benefit of
Ukrainian civil society, informal groups, and political parties, including the
Movement for Perestroika (Rukh).
Over the
past 15 years, Vladimir Putin’s Russia has invested enormous resources in the
politicization of history. It would be ruinous if Ukraine went down the same
road, however partially or tentatively. Any legal or ‘administrative’
distortion of history is an assault on the most basic purpose of scholarly
inquiry: pursuit of truth. Any official attack on historical memory is
unjust. Difficult and contentious issues must remain matters of debate.
The 1.5 million Ukrainians who died fighting the Nazis in the Red Army are
entitled to respect, as are those who fought the Red Army and NKVD. Those who
regard victory over Nazi Germany as a pivotal historical event should neither
feel intimidated nor excluded from the nation.
Since 1991,
Ukraine has been a tolerant and inclusive state, a state (in the words of the
Constitution) for ‘citizens of Ukraine of all nationalities’. If signed, the
laws of April 9 will be a gift to those who wish to turn Ukraine against
itself. They will alienate many Ukrainians who now find themselves under de
facto occupation. They will divide and dishearten Ukraine’s friends. In
short, they will damage Ukraine’s national security, and for this reason above
all, we urge you to reject them.
Signatories:
Sygnatariusze:
Tarik Cyril Amar, Assistant Professor of History, Columbia
University, USA
Mark R. Baker, Assistant Professor, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
J. Arch Getty, Distinguished Professor of History University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA
Dominique Arel, Chair of Ukrainian Studies, University of Ottawa, Canada
Uilleam Blacker, Lecturer in Comparative East European Culture, University College London, UK
Jeffrey Burds, Associate Professor of Russian and Soviet History, Northeastern University, USA
Marco Carynnyk, Independent Scholar, Toronto, Canada
Markian Dobczansky, Ph.D. candidate, Department of History, Stanford University, USA
Mark R. Baker, Assistant Professor, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
J. Arch Getty, Distinguished Professor of History University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA
Dominique Arel, Chair of Ukrainian Studies, University of Ottawa, Canada
Uilleam Blacker, Lecturer in Comparative East European Culture, University College London, UK
Jeffrey Burds, Associate Professor of Russian and Soviet History, Northeastern University, USA
Marco Carynnyk, Independent Scholar, Toronto, Canada
Markian Dobczansky, Ph.D. candidate, Department of History, Stanford University, USA
Rory Finnin, University Senior Lecturer in Ukrainian Studies,
University of Cambridge, UK
Christopher Gilley, Research Fellow, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Guido Hausmann, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
John-Paul Himka, Professor Emeritus, Department of History & Classics, University of Alberta, Canada
Tom Junes, PhD (historian) - Imre Kertész Kolleg, Jena, Germany
Ivan Katchanovski, Adjunct Professor, School of Political Studies, University of Ottawa, Canada
Olesya Khromeychuk, Teaching Fellow, University College London, UK
Oleh Kotsyuba, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, USA
Matthew Kott, Researcher at Centre for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Uppsala University, Sweden
Olga Kucherenko, Independent Scholar, Cambridge, UK
Victor Hugo Lane, York College, City University of New York, USA
Christopher Gilley, Research Fellow, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Guido Hausmann, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
John-Paul Himka, Professor Emeritus, Department of History & Classics, University of Alberta, Canada
Tom Junes, PhD (historian) - Imre Kertész Kolleg, Jena, Germany
Ivan Katchanovski, Adjunct Professor, School of Political Studies, University of Ottawa, Canada
Olesya Khromeychuk, Teaching Fellow, University College London, UK
Oleh Kotsyuba, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, USA
Matthew Kott, Researcher at Centre for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Uppsala University, Sweden
Olga Kucherenko, Independent Scholar, Cambridge, UK
Victor Hugo Lane, York College, City University of New York, USA
David R. Marples, Distinguished University
Professor, Department of History & Classics, University of Alberta, Canada
Jared McBride, Visiting Assistant Professor of History, Columbia University, USA
Tanja Penter, Professor of Eastern European History, Heidelberg University, Germany
Olena Petrenko, Ph.D. Student, Department of East European History, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
William Risch, Associate Professor of History, Georgia College, USA
Per Anders Rudling, Associate Professor of History, Lund University, Sweden
Martin Schulze Wessel, Chair of Eastern European History, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
Steven Seegel, Associate Professor of History, University of Northern Colorado, USA
Anton Shekhovtsov, Visiting Senior Fellow, Legatum Institute, London, UK
James Sherr, Associate Fellow, Chatham House, London, UK
Volodymyr Sklokin, Researcher, Center for Urban History of East-Central Europe, Lviv, Ukraine
Iryna Sklokina, Researcher, Center for Urban History of East-Central Europe, Lviv, Ukraine
Yegor Stadny, Ph.D. Student, Department of History, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Ukraine
Andreas Umland, Senior Research Fellow, Institute for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation, Kyiv, Ukraine
Ricarda Vulpius, Research Fellow, Department for the History of East- and Southeastern Europe, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
Lucan Way, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Toronto, Canada
Zenon Wasyliw, Professor of History, Ithaca College, USA
Anna Veronika Wendland, Research Coordinator, The Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe, Marburg, Germany
Frank Wolff, Assistant Professor of History and Migration Studies, Osnabrück University, Germany
Christine Worobec, Professor Emerita, Northern Illinois University, USA
Serhy Yekelchyk, Professor of Slavic Studies and History, University of Victoria, Canada
Tanya Zaharchenko, Postdoctoral Fellow, Center for Historical Research, Higher School of Economics, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Sergei Zhuk, Associate Professor of History, Ball State University, Indiana, USA
Jared McBride, Visiting Assistant Professor of History, Columbia University, USA
Tanja Penter, Professor of Eastern European History, Heidelberg University, Germany
Olena Petrenko, Ph.D. Student, Department of East European History, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
William Risch, Associate Professor of History, Georgia College, USA
Per Anders Rudling, Associate Professor of History, Lund University, Sweden
Martin Schulze Wessel, Chair of Eastern European History, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
Steven Seegel, Associate Professor of History, University of Northern Colorado, USA
Anton Shekhovtsov, Visiting Senior Fellow, Legatum Institute, London, UK
James Sherr, Associate Fellow, Chatham House, London, UK
Volodymyr Sklokin, Researcher, Center for Urban History of East-Central Europe, Lviv, Ukraine
Iryna Sklokina, Researcher, Center for Urban History of East-Central Europe, Lviv, Ukraine
Yegor Stadny, Ph.D. Student, Department of History, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Ukraine
Andreas Umland, Senior Research Fellow, Institute for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation, Kyiv, Ukraine
Ricarda Vulpius, Research Fellow, Department for the History of East- and Southeastern Europe, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
Lucan Way, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Toronto, Canada
Zenon Wasyliw, Professor of History, Ithaca College, USA
Anna Veronika Wendland, Research Coordinator, The Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe, Marburg, Germany
Frank Wolff, Assistant Professor of History and Migration Studies, Osnabrück University, Germany
Christine Worobec, Professor Emerita, Northern Illinois University, USA
Serhy Yekelchyk, Professor of Slavic Studies and History, University of Victoria, Canada
Tanya Zaharchenko, Postdoctoral Fellow, Center for Historical Research, Higher School of Economics, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Sergei Zhuk, Associate Professor of History, Ball State University, Indiana, USA
Opublikował
sygnatariusz listu
Prof. David R. Marples
na łamach:
Critical Solutions
April, 2015
Patrz: http://m.krytyka.com/en/articles/open-letter-scholars-and-experts-ukraine-re-so-called-anti-communist-law
sygnatariusz listu
Prof. David R. Marples
na łamach:
Critical Solutions
April, 2015
Patrz: http://m.krytyka.com/en/articles/open-letter-scholars-and-experts-ukraine-re-so-called-anti-communist-law
[1] Draft
law no. 2538-1 "On the Legal Status and Commemoration of Fighters for
Ukraine's Independence in the 20th Century". Projekt ustawy - pod linkiem: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=54689
Draft law no. 2558 "On the Condemnation of the
Communist and the National-Socialist (Nazi) Totalitarian Regimes in Ukraine and
Ban on the Propaganda of Their Symbols". Projekt ustawy pod linkiem: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=54670
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